The Motivation Of Human Resource Professionals - 947 Words

Introduction Understanding what motivates different people, in different situations is a topic that has been studied and written about in countless books, journals and other publications. In order to get the best productivity out of any workforce as well as assist employees in achieving personal goals and potential, it is paramount that Human Resource professionals have a basic understanding of what motivates employees. The Hertzberg Motivation Theory Frederick Herzberg first published his motivational theory in his book, The Motivation to Work which was authored in 1959. His theory focus’s around the idea that â€Å"satisfaction and dissatisfaction at work nearly always arose from different factors† (Businessballs, 2016). He cites several motivating factors for both satisfaction and unhappiness with a particular job. These factors include achievement, recognition, growth, the actual work itself, pay, benefits and relationships. In short, Hertzberg observed that factors which lead to satisfaction usually are centered on those that directly result from doing the job or task, while factors that led to dissatisfaction were more closely tied to what he deemed â€Å"Hygiene Factors†. As an example, a sense of achievement, recognition within the organization, personal growth and the quality of the actual work itself are what he refers to as motivators. Consequently, interpersonal rela tionships with superiors or peers, company policies, working conditions and a balance with personal lifeShow MoreRelatedMicrosofts Human Resource Management Strategy679 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Microsoft CORPORATION HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Company Profile: Microsoft Corporation Importance of Strategic Human Resource Management Talent Management Strategies Compensation and benefit packages for employees Policies and practices for Labor relations management Comparison with the Competitors Conclusion OBJECTIVES OF THE HRM STRATEGY To design effective talent management strategies; including recruitment and selection, motivation and retention, performanceRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Organizational Success1516 Words   |  7 Pagesreaders understanding of the role human resource management plays within the context of both employee and organizational success. This paper begins with a look at the historical roots that lay the foundation for the growing need of human resource management (HRM). Some histories believe that HRM can be traced back to medieval times while other argue that human resources functions were not clearly grouped together and identified until the early 1900’s. Human resource management is an accumulation ofRead MoreAn Organization s Strategic Planning1323 Words   |  6 Pageshave dramatically changed the role of human resources (HR). Recruiting and retaining talent has become a key initiative as human capital and knowledge have become recognized as an organization’s top asset and avenue for creating a competitive advantage. More than ever before, chief executives officers (CEOs) and other organizational leaders are relying on HR to play an integral role in the strategic planning process. 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Depending upon the level of organization, there are a number of motivational factors and theories that maintain this level of motivation at the top of the world, but there is another factor, which provides a roadmap forRead MoreEmployee Competencies And Reward System For The Dental, Veterinary, And Rehabilitation Supply Markets Essay891 Words   |  4 Pages Name of Organization Description Patterson Companies, Inc. is a full-service distributor serving the dental, veterinary, and rehabilitation supply markets. They meet the needs of healthcare professionals by providing a total-package approach. The company employs about 6,850 people across its three business units: Patterson Dental, Patterson Veterinary and Patterson Medical. Founded in 1877, the organization began exclusively as a provider for dental merchandise. In 2001 they expanded intoRead MoreWhat Is The Conclusion Of Research?907 Words   |  4 PagesNisar, and Amir, 2014). The human asset speculations use to concentrate on participation, leaves taken by the representatives, dependability, targets met or not and so forth. In the wake of taking a shot at this fundamental paradigm, the human asset speculations use to cook the perspectives and assessments of every single authoritative pioneer as for the execution given by their devotees/subordinates. Therefore, the offices are given to workers by considering the human asset essential criteria and

What Is A Ciso - 1440 Words

What is a CISO? The CISO is a senior-level executive responsible for managing information security from a business perspective, as cybersecurity is increasingly being viewed as a business problem rather than an IT problem. The CISO establishes the enterprise vision, strategy, and program for protecting information assets and technologies to minimize risk to the business. In recent years the role has evolved from a pure security focus to identification and management of the organization’s business and operational risks. It goes beyond architecture and technology to address risks to the business and represent cybersecurity concerns and issues for organizational decision-making. â€Å"Modern-day CISOs should be viewed as business executives who are focused on managing business risk† , rather than focused completely on technology, according to Chris Ray, the CISO of Epsilon. The CISO needs to understand the technology, but then be able to translate relevant information for use by executive management in making business decisions and managing business risk. According to Rick Doten, CISO for Digital Management Inc., â€Å"The security guy really needs to understand the business risk, because a CISO’s job is not to protect IT, it’s to protect the business from the IT infrastructure.† What does a CISO do? The CISO s responsibilities have shifted in recent years â€Å"from general security to identifying, developing, implementing and maintaining security-related processes that reduce theShow MoreRelatedMonitoring Of Walmart Information Resources1379 Words   |  6 Pages12-3.1 What We Monitor Monitoring of Walmart information resources may include, but is not limited to, the following: Network traffic. Application and data access. Keystrokes and user commands. E-mail and Internet usage. Message and data content. Unauthorized access points. 12-3.2 User Agreement to Monitor Any use of Walmart information resources constitutes consent to monitoring activities that may be conducted whether or not a warning banner is displayed. Users of Walmart information resources:Read MoreWhat Every Ceo Should Know About Security858 Words   |  4 PagesNeuEon Blog Post Title: No CISO? What Every CEO Should Know About Security In today’s challenging corporate security environment, many companies do not have a dedicated Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) to provide the critical alignment between strategic security goals and functional security operations. A CISO can help organizations align the appropriate people, process and platforms with your strategic security roadmap, and provide invaluable feedback on the priorities, best practicesRead MorePlanning for Security945 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational planning, described below, and Contingency planning, which focuses on planning or unforeseen events. Organizations must be able to forecast their needs relative to available resources as best they can to insure best decision making. 2. What are the three common layers of planning? How do they differ? Answer: Strategic – lays out long term goals, Tactical – more short term focus, Operational – daily and on-going operation goals 3. Who are the stakeholders? WhyRead MoreLab 1 How to Identify Threats and Vulnerabilities in an It Infrastructure945 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational planning, described below, and Contingency planning, which focuses on planning or unforeseen events. Organizations must be able to forecast their needs relative to available resources as best they can to insure best decision making. 2. What are the three common layers of planning? How do they differ? Answer: Strategic – lays out long term goals, Tactical – more short term focus, Operational – daily and on-going operation goals 3. Who are the stakeholders? 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In medieval times it was common to have a â€Å"Sergeant at Arms† caring for the security of the castle and the only person he reported to was the king. Is it just me, or areRead MoreInformation Security And Training And Awareness1215 Words   |  5 PagesCEO shall undertake the following activities to ensure effective training and awareness of employees: i. Conduct training needs analysis on all the roles mentioned in the IS MS Governance Procedure including the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), IS MR, IS Management Committee, IS Working Group, internal auditors, SCO, facility managers, floor warden ; ii. Provide training to the above mentioned roles in the organization; iii. Ensure that the necessary competence has been achieved; and ivRead MoreAcceptable Use Policy Template1370 Words   |  6 Pagessample Acceptable Use Security Policy using the outline identified in the Security Policy Template. 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Macbeth Essay and Rennassance Period Free Essays

The Renaissance Period The renaissance period started between the 14th and the 17th centuries ,and it? s associated to the rediscovery of the ancient Roman and Greek classics, geographical and astrological discoveries and the religious reformation, characterizes itself as a movement of thinking. Basically the Renaissance period the humanists try to make the feudalists and the ideas of the middle ages get extinct,and like this way ,introduce many new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie,and also to reconsider the purity of the Christian Church. Also there are many ways in which we can see that the Renaissance was a time of light for many thinkers, writers, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Essay and Rennassance Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now : as it sought to introduce blizzard poetic forms such as: the sonnet, free verse, these adapted to new topics with great interest communicating targets and new objectives humanists. The Renaissance was based on models of Greek and Roman classics, and precedents from Italy and Spain, the Spanish drama has evolved since the interludes and morality plays and became a complex art form, thus taking considered as the best known as dramatists, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, who wrote plays with such universal qualities of greatness, and that is why this drama becomes extraordinary and leaves a monument of the Renaissance in the history of English literature. The Renaissance, tend to emphasize the dignity of man and his earthly happiness was reflected in the work carried out in the period. Macbeth One of the most shocking things in Macbeth is the continued clash between the spirit of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. While the former starts out good and faithful and is corrupted by his wife to the point of disappearing remorse from the beginning, the second starts completely cold and perverse but will decline in the course of the work into a freaking bag of remorse so that is continually hands stained with blood and suicide. I was struck by the fact that Macbeth is killed in battle trying to end their action while his wife, initially strong, committed suicide. Just how dies each compared with its initial intention is enough to see the exchange of roles: the weak just being strong and vice versa. A very striking point in the work is the continuous appearance of remorse in the protagonists. As Lady Macbeth says that their actions have destroyed his happiness and the evil they have done makes them suffer. Some allusions to remorse are the dagger that Macbeth sees before killing the king, the specter of Banquo, the blood on Lady Macbeth’s hands are not going, etc. .. I do not know how Shakespeare is a failure or is that I misunderstood something, but there is a mistake in the plot: the witches in his second appearance predict that Banquo will father a line of kings and later appears again this idea in the third appearance of the witches. However, once dead Macbeth, the successor to the throne is not Fleance, son of Banquo, as would be expected if the prophecies were fulfilled, but Malcolm, Duncan’s natural successor. The prophecy and reality are incompatible in this case, and only in this case, the rest of all prophecies are fulfilled. How to cite Macbeth Essay and Rennassance Period, Essays

International Entrepreneurship Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Entrepreneurship Management? Answer: Introducation Strategic management is the methods that help the organizations to manage their resources in an appropriate way so that they can achieve their goals or objectives. strategic management includes few steps like setting of the objectives, analysis of internal organization, evaluation of strategies and assuring that the management implement these strategies across the institution (Xi et al. 2015). For the present world, management strategies have become business buzzwords. Top executives in the top international companies have started to ponder the strategic missions and objectives, the managers rough out market strategies, operational chiefs find strategies from research and development to raw materials sourcing as well as distributor relations. The strategic management includes identification of the methods how the companies stack up in compared to their competitors (Ghezzi, Cortimiglia and Frank 2015). It also involves the appropriate recognition of the available opportunities and thr eats faced by the organizations which either come from the competitors or the organizations within. In most of the organizations, there are several levels of management. Strategic management is the most important because it approaches all the segment of a firm. It aids the corporations with guidance to corporate values, culture, goals and missions. The positioning approach of strategic management helps the corporation to understand its position in the market and the ways through which it will get proper exposure (Debicki, Van de Graaff Randolph and Sobczak 2017). The approach involves the branding plan based on business data. The dynamic approach helps the companies to translate the strategic ambitions of the leadership into required specific actions so that it can overcome the strategic execution failures. The learning approach focusses on the learning from the complex and unpredictable nature of the environment of the organizations. Positioning approach: The positioning approach is a plan which distinguishes an organization from a sea of similar competing organizations in a way that designs the corporation to be more attractive to the potential consumers in compared to its competitors. The chief elements of the positioning approach are first it differentiates the firm itself from others and secondly it appeals to the potential group of buyers (Debicki, Van de Graaff Randolph and Sobczak 2017). Viability: in order to differentiate the firms from others, they follow some specific ideology that marketing belief that their people as well as process are the best. Professorial services corporations are build around their employees because their success largely depends on the talents and qualities of their employees. Every companies demand that their own processes are the best and offers best exposure (Ghezzi, Cortimiglia and Frank 2015). The firms often claim to be100% committed to do exceptional works in order to create differentiation but many of their competitors also claim the same which increases competition. However, the claims of excellent services and best products often becomes clich as all the firms claim the same therefore the business complete depends on the appreciation of the clients. Benefits: the positioning approach aids the firms to hire exceptional people for differentiating the firm in the market (Marvel, Davis and Sproul 2016). It allows to realise the underperforming departments so that they can be easily checked and strengthened. In positioning strategies, the superior process allows for flawless communication, task completion before deadline and mistakes are checked and sorted before the clients check them. It builds reputation and provides competitive advantage as the firms feel encouragement to provide best and excellent works every time (Hammond, Pearson and Holt 2016). Customer service is the chief approach of the companies which builds great relationship with the customers. This is why the operational teams become more responsive, good listeners, dynamic and proactive. Through this approach the entire firm becomes market oriented. They find out the demands of the clients and customers to differentiating them from their competitors. It helps the firms to cope up with the constantly changing markets, its new developments, new scopes for competitive advantages to suit the customers changing expectations (Bettis et al. 2016). It makes the firm potent enough to win the attention as well as attractions of the customers by the means of suitable advertisements. They reach more consumers and clients and earn their loyalty. Making the firm different from the others the management always try to communicate with the clients as well as different kinds of customers do that they can add more and varied features to their products or services (Daspit et al. 2017). Product positioning is one of the important aspect of positioning approach where the consumers are allowed to consider products advantages before purchasing it. Therefore, product positioning has proved superiority of offers by the company over its competitors. It may also help consumers in choosing the right product. Implementation issues: positioning approach is difficult as the fact that even if the firms appreciate the employees talents, they do not get appreciation from the stakeholders. The complex services are difficult to process as the firms has to choose different service providers. The less qualified clients ask for seeing their process as well as the indicators. The firms often fail to maintain what they claim due to losing tenacity and dedication (Daspit et al. 2017). Exemplary services are quite hard to prove therefore building better customer relationships becomes challenge. Strong positioning needs to be built on self-evident attributes or else service remains only as a word but most of the firms do not possess credible supporting evidences. Limitations: There are various problems in positioning approach. financial of all, the corporations lose reliability for differentiating themselves by focussing on their stakeholders (Hammond, Pearson and Holt 2016). The client often stops believing such assurance. Secondly, the companies themselves announce that their people are the best but lose when they do not get the same appreciation from their customers or the clients (ONeill 2016). In positioning approach, the firms are to show their references and testimonials but even the meddling firms have few satisfied customers. Dynamic capabilities: The dynamic capability strategy analyses the firms sources and devices of wealth creation by capturing the firms operation in the rapid and technologically changing environment. the competitive advantages of the firms have been seen to be resting in its distinctive processes such as its coordination, designed by the asset positions of the firm and adopted evolution paths. The method and reason of gaining the competitive advantage largely depends on the market demands, imitability and replicability of the firms (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The necessity of path dependencies gets simplified when conditions of growing returns exists. The dynamic strategies involve identification of new opportunities and embracing them by strengthening internal organizational and technological aspects of the firm. Viability: Dynamic approach aids the organizations to discover the opportunities and organise them efficiently and effectively in the organization so that they can be embraced fundamentally to private wealth creation (Pearson, Bergiel and Barnett 2014). Strategizing help the companies engaged in the business conduct in order to keep the competitors off balance, increases costs of the rivals and excludes fresh entrants (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). Dynamics speak to mastery, process as well as speed through which the firms adapt their resources for responding to the changes in marketplace and to the constant emerging opportunities. These include excellent technical methodologies, intellectual property or Patents, business process knowledge and speed, the eminence of customer or business relationships, strength of culture and values of the organizations and the strength of their resources such as human, assets and economy (Kramar 2014). Benefits: The chief benefits of being dynamic evolves round gaining competitive advantages over the rivals (Pearson, Bergiel and Barnett 2014). It allows the companies to incorporate innovations so that they can respond to specific situations or environment of the market for instance the appropriate time to rent the market. The dynamic strategies allow the firms to introduce swift alterations in the arena of technology so that they can gain more advantages and upgrade fast with changing market. It creates scopes for prospective competition where the market ascertains the dynamic nature which eventually prove to be vital for sustained competitive advantages (Rosemann and vom Brocke 2015). Dynamic capabilities strategy reflects the strategic ambitions of the leaders into particular actions, clearly designing the activities for enabling the administrations to adapt to the changing conditions as well as investing in exertions. It encourages the corporations to embed newer and upgraded skills and organizational behaviours. This methodology enables the management teams to establish and sustain a vibrant and engaging information system strategies to confidently assure to handle complex as well as nuanced strategies efficiently (Kramar 2014). Dynamic capabilities allow the firms check and correct the weak sections of the organizations. New information is gathered by identifying problems which require rapid course corrections or the leading indicators signalling that some changes in direction is needed. It increases the contextual awareness of the leaders by imploring diverse perspectives. They leverage the scenario-planning as well as environment-scanning apparatuses to anticipate the changes (Mahto and Khanin 2015). The dynamic capabilities approach helps the individuals develop newer competencies as well as results to gain the sustained performance improvements. This strategy can help to address the organizational resistance which often torpedoes the implementation efforts (Simsek et al. 2015). dynamic approach of strategic management adopts different mixture of moderate activities in initial stages of implementation by highlighting the ones which set the stages for managerial learning. Dynamic capability approach produces concrete deliverables as well as value in the initial stages, increase learning, alignments and enthusiasm (Bettis et al. 2016). dynamic approach for strategy implementation, the companies can possibly upsurge the odds of efficiently translating, adapting as well as sustaining innovative strategies. Implementation issues: Enhancing dynamic capabilities in a firm is the toughest aspect of setting and implementing strategies. It often becomes difficult for the companies to adapt, integrate or build new changes in the firms (Mahto and Khanin 2015). Reconfiguring internal as well as external competences for addressing the rapidly changing market environments pose to be threat for the small and medium corporations as they have limited resources to react sufficiently and judiciously to the external changes (Short et al. 2016). Limitations: Building institutional capabilities necessitates significant efforts from evidently defining current as well as desired capabilities for designing the integrated systems of assets including activities which build and sustain them (Rosemann and vom Brocke 2015). As mentioned before the adaptation procedure needs complete or partial changes in the technical systems to grow and sustain it but not all the organizations can be able to bring such changes in limited time (Bergh et al. 2016). Therefore, without proper and adequate structure it will initiate a negative effect on the firm. Learning focussed approach: Learning focus approach of strategic management focuses on the origin of the strategies emerging from learning process. This process involves the experiences from which the people of an operations learns to gain knowledge and face the similar situations in future (Tarakci, Ates and Wooldridge 2015). It captures the experiences both individual as well as collective build common patterns for paving way to learning (Moura-Leite, Padgett and Galn 2014). The organizational learning approach helps the companies to know all the tricks of the trade therefore beneficial for gaining more competitive advantages. Viability: Learning approach strengthens to companies in such a way that they become able to approach the organizational processes. The strategy of organizational learning is the most important of all as a minute change in the organization can be effective to bring disaster. Therefore, learning all internal and external elements is essential for the management teams (Bergmann and Stephan 2013). This approach views the organizational change both from psychological as well as relational perspectives. The leaders of the firms can be able to approach the organizational processes and eventually the attain the organizational changes from the standpoint of three main communities such as academics, consultants and the actors involvedin the operation of an organization (Georgakakis and Ruigrok 2017). Benefits: Learning approach helps the organizations to gain knowledge as well as insight through the evolved theories, methodologies and the models in the field of organizational development and learning. The organizational learning makes the organizations capable to integrate, relate, compare finally critically evaluate the acquired knowledgeand skills (Moura-Leite, Padgett and Galn 2014). This approach aims to change the people of an organization including their shared thought as well as actions. These are often moulded and embedded by the demands of the institutions. As learning process is essential to recognise the requirements of the clients and the stakeholders, it increases the resources of the organizations according to the demands. This is the primary stage through which the constant changes can be recorded and thus involves facilitation of learning. By supporting as well as increasing individual knowledge, embedding them into teams through discussion, experiences sharing, dialogues and more particularly through observation (Moura-Leite, Padgett and Galn 2014). Implementation issues: Despite the fact that the learning approach of strategic management is not very difficult to implemented for the heads of the organizations but the studies reveal that the learning approach plays a very trivial role in formation of the organizational strategies in reality (Bergh et al. 2016). Limitations: Learning focussed approach has imitations in formulating effective strategies as they delinked the management firm operations. The organizations have a great variety of people therefore, applying learning approach do not have proper reach to all the employees. small actions or decisions which are often born out of chance over time become key drivers of the change in strategic directions of the firm. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that this paper discusses three of the most important approaches used for developing the businessstrategyin the organizations. It indicates that strategy management tactics in diverse organizations has been developed through various strategic approaches. These approaches are normally different from one another in terms of their scopes, complexity and strategic focus. In addition, the report also reveals that every approach has their own sets of limitations. The importance of these three approaches to the organizations depend on the methods of utilization in business strategy. These strategic approaches refer to the specific arenas which the particular strategy aims to target. All of these approaches have difficulties in implication in the organization but also have numerous benefits which mainly help the organizations to gain the competitive advantages. according to the researchers in their field, the organizations need to first identify their own strategic focus then extend the scopes before attempting to adopt them. The most important fact is that the organizations stand an improved chance of expressing their own operative business strategy through developing their own abilities for sizing up and realise the sense of business activities. The companies are becoming more conscious of the incessant changes taking place in their corporate environment. More importantly, for the organizations increasing their capabilities, they need to prim arily develop proper competencies then seek innovative strategic directions as well as identify strategic initiatives. The organizations will be able to identify and develop the most suitable approaches to formulate as well as implement more operative business strategies with the help of competencies, strategic directions supported by initiatives. References: Bergh, D.D., Aguinis, H., Heavey, C., Ketchen, D.J., Boyd, B.K., Su, P., Lau, C.L. and Joo, H., 2016. Using meta?analytic structural equation modeling to advance strategic management research: Guidelines and an empirical illustration via the strategic leadership?performance relationship.Strategic Management Journal,37(3), pp.477-497. Bergmann, H. and Stephan, U., 2013. Moving on from nascent entrepreneurship: Measuring cross-national differences in the transition to new business ownership.Small business economics,41(4), pp.945-959. Bettis, R.A., Ethiraj, S., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2016. Creating repeatable cumulative knowledge in strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,37(2), pp.257-261. Daspit, J.J., Chrisman, J.J., Sharma, P., Pearson, A.W. and Long, R.G., 2017. A Strategic Management Perspective of the Family Firm: Past Trends, New Insights, and Future Directions.Journal of Managerial Issues,29(1), pp.6-29. Debicki, B.J., Van de Graaff Randolph, R. and Sobczak, M., 2017. Socioemotional wealth and family firm performance: A stakeholder approach.Strategic Issues in the Family Firm,29(1), pp.82-111. Georgakakis, D. and Ruigrok, W., 2017. CEO succession origin and firm performance: A multilevel study.Journal of Management Studies,54(1), pp.58-87. Ghezzi, A., Cortimiglia, M.N. and Frank, A.G., 2015. Strategy and business model design in dynamic telecommunications industries: A study on Italian mobile network operators.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,90, pp.346-354. Hammond, N.L., Pearson, A.W. and Holt, D.T., 2016. The quagmire of legacy in family firms: Definition and implications of family and family firm legacy orientations.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,40(6), pp.1209-1231. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Kramar, R., 2014. Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(8), pp.1069-1089. Mahto, R.V. and Khanin, D., 2015. Satisfaction with past financial performance, risk taking, and future performance expectations in the family business.Journal of Small Business Management,53(3), pp.801-818. Marvel, M.R., Davis, J.L. and Sproul, C.R., 2016. Human capital and entrepreneurship research: A critical review and future directions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,40(3), pp.599-626. MK, H. (2018).Approaches to Formulating Business Strategy: A Review. [online] OMICS International. Available at: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/approaches-to-formulating-business-strategy-a-review-.php?aid=85973 Moura-Leite, R.C., Padgett, R.C. and Galn, J.I., 2014. Stakeholder management and nonparticipation in controversial business.Business Society,53(1), pp.45-70. ONeill, J.W., 2016. The role of storytelling in affecting organizational reality in the strategic management process.Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management,4(1). Pearson, A.W., Bergiel, E. and Barnett, T., 2014. Expanding the study of organizational behaviour in family business: Adapting team theory to explore family firms.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,23(5), pp.657-664. Short, J.C., McKenny, A.F., Ketchen, D.J., Snow, C.C. and Hult, G.T.M., 2016. An empirical examination of firm, industry, and temporal effects on corporate social performance.Business Society,55(8), pp.1122-1156. Simsek, Z., Jansen, J.J., Minichilli, A. and Escriba?Esteve, A., 2015. Strategic leadership and leaders in entrepreneurial contexts: A nexus for innovation and impact missed?.Journal of Management Studies,52(4), pp.463-478. Tarakci, M., Ates, N.Y. and Wooldridge, B., 2015, January. Performance feedback and middle managers divergent strategic behavior. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 16577). Xi, J.M., Kraus, S., Filser, M. and Kellermanns, F.W., 2015. Mapping the field of family business research: past trends and future directions.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,11(1), pp.113-132.

Mental Workload Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT

Introduction It has been acknowledged that people are subjected to different levels of mental workload (MWL) at their work places. Different jobs are associated with different tasks, responsibilities and social interactions. This, in its turn, leads to different levels of MWL (Leka Houdmont, 2010). In the first place, it is important to define the concept of MWL. Wickens (2008) notes that the concept characterizes â€Å"the demand imposed by tasks on the human’s limited mental resources, whether considered as single or multiple† (p. 452).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mental Workload: Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Researchers try to evaluate the levels of MWL associated with different jobs, to increase effectiveness of employees and reduce anxiety, job dissatisfaction and address various negative effects (Sassaroli et al., 2008). To take a closer look at different factors influencing levels of MWL, it is possible to focus on particular jobs. The present paper dwells upon such areas as nursing, air traffic management and IT. Thus, it is possible to analyse such jobs as the nurse practitioner at geriatric nursing home, the en route air traffic controller and the IT professional. Different factors influencing MWL are examined for each job. The present paper also contains some recommendations concerning decreasing the level of MWL for one of the jobs. Factors Contributing to MWL Researchers single out various factors contributing to MWL. For instance, Rafnsdottir et al. (2004, p. 51) mention such factors as time pressure, dissatisfactory communication with colleagues, supervisors or clients, â€Å"dissatisfaction with the hierarchy at work† as well as violence and harassment at workplace. Rubio et al. (2004) focus on such factors as objective difficulty of tasks fulfilled and employees’ attitude towards their tasks. Metzg er and Parasuraman (2005) also take into account such factor as employees’ self-confidence. As far as the jobs mentioned above are concerned, it is possible to define particular factors contributing to MWL. IT professionals may be exposed to several factors contributing to MWL. In the first place, tasks completed by IT professionals may be monotonous at times. Notably, monotonous work is regarded as one of the factors contributing to MWL as people get mentally tired (Leka Houdmont, 2010). IT professionals may also experience lack of communication and social interactions. Admittedly, social interactions provide employees with the necessary relaxation at workplace, distracting employees from their tasks and giving the necessary rest to their brains. As for the tasks themselves, the complexity of the task can also contribute to MWL. Thus, when an employee cannot cope with a task, he/she feels anxiety, stress and job dissatisfaction. As for the en route air traffic controllers, there are specific factors to examine. Loft et al. (2007) note that this job is associated with quite high level of MWL. The major factors contributing to MWL are time pressure, the necessity to make a lot of quick and correct decisions, interactions with others (pilots, controllers, etc.).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More En route air traffic controllers experience considerable level of MWL due to the objective complexity of their tasks. Nonetheless, people who have the necessary skills, knowledge and have the necessary experience do not feel job dissatisfaction or fatigue as they have the necessary tools to handle tasks. Finally, nurse practitioners at geriatric nurse homes have to cope with high levels of MWL. The major factors contributing to MWL are psychological, to great extent. Rafnsdottir et al. (2004) report that these employees often feel dissatisfaction as they feel they do not fully meet patients’ as well as managers’ expectations. Besides, nurse practitioners are exposed to anxiety patients feel, and to their sufferings. Nurse practitioners have to comfort people who have really serious, painful and often terminal diseases. It can be psychologically difficult to work in such conditions. Different Levels of MWL The jobs mentioned above have quite different levels of MWL due to peculiarities of the jobs. The three jobs presuppose different tasks, different levels of responsibility and different levels of communication. Thus, IT professionals work with machines and communicate with their colleagues (the majority of their time they spend communicating with other IT professionals). En route air traffic controllers have to handle much higher degree of responsibility. They are responsible for lives of many people. They also have to communicate with different professionals. En route air traffic controllers have to be very precise, organized and attentive. However, it is necessary to note that they still communicate with other people through machines, which creates certain alienation. Nurse practitioners have to communicate with many people (patients, other practitioners, managers, patients’ relatives) in person. These employees are exposed to really hard feelings. They have to see suffering of people. At that, nurse practitioners cannot always alleviate patients’ sufferings. These factors make this job really difficult. Among the three jobs, this job has the highest level of MWL. Recommendations One of the major factors that contribute to MWL is dissatisfaction because of inability to â€Å"harmonize the demands and expectations of patients/employees/supervisors† (Rafnsdottir et al., 2004, p. 51). It is possible to address this problem. Thus, it is possible to launch special training. This training will presuppose gaining professional knowledge and sharing experience. Apart from gaining new skills and knowledge, nurse practitioners will be able to obtain self-confidence. They can obtain hope that all difficulties can be handled.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mental Workload: Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from this, it can be also helpful to launch team building and recreation activities for nurse practitioners. Barbecues, sport competitions, concerts, etc. can help nurse practitioners relax. These activities can involve nurse practitioners only, or these could be combined teams (nurse practitioners, patients, supervisors, relatives, etc.). Positive emotions will help employees handle various negative factors they are exposed to at work place. It is also important to make sure nurse practitioners can obtain the necessary psychological assistance when necessary. Finally, it can be effective to monitor nurse practitioners’ job satisfaction several tim es a year. This will help researchers learn more about factors contributing to MWL. It will also help them come up with possible steps to decrease the level of MWL in this field. More so, it can also help work out general steps to decrease levels of MWL at different workplaces. Conclusion On balance, it is possible to note that different jobs have different levels of mental workload. These differences are due to different levels of responsibility and peculiarities of each job. Admittedly, there are various factors contributing to MWL, e.g. monotonous work, overcomplicated tasks, time pressure, etc. However, jobs involving a lot of communication and social interactions have high levels of MWL. For instance, the profession of the nurse practitioner presupposes high levels of MWL as these employees have to see other people’s suffering, which is associated with significant psychological pressure. However, it is possible to decrease the level of MWL by launching specific training courses, team building and recreation activities. It can be effective to provide psychological assistance to nurse practitioners. Reference List Leka, S., Houdmont, J. (2010). Occupational health psychology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley Sons. Loft, S., Sanderson, P., Neal, A., Mooij. (2007). Modeling and predicting mental workload in en route air traffic control: Critical review and broader implications. Human Factors, 49(3), 376-399.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Metzger, U., Parasuraman, R. (2005). Automation in future air traffic management: Effects of decision aid reliability on controller performance and mental workload. Human Factors, 47(1), 1-15. Rafnsdottir, G.L., Gunnarsdottir, H.K., Tomasson, K. (2004). Work organization, well-being and health in geriatric care. Work, 22, 49-55. Rubio, S., Diaz, E., Martin, J., Puente J.M. (2004). Evaluation of subjective mental workload: A comparison of SWAT, NASA-TLX, and workload profile methods. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(1), 61-86. Sassaroli, A., Zheng, F., Hirshfield, L.M., Girouard, A., Solovey, E.T., Jacob, R.J.K., Fantini, S. (2008). Discrimination of mental workload levels in human subjects with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences, 1(2), 227-237. Wickens, C.D. (2008). Multiple resources and mental workload. Human Factors, 50(3), 449-455. This report on Mental Workload: Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT was written and submitted by user Tristin Mcintyre to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Regulation of UK Journalism and News A History The ownership and editorship of multimedia, combined with the ever-looming regulation of the state has had a high impact on Journalism as an industry. The new forms of media production have overall created through a push and pull force for authority between both producers and regulators an industry which has been able to produce news which has altered to suit society. The somewhat flippant relationship between publisher and a centralised government has over time produced an unbalanced system where the power over the news and its influence within the politicised nation have determined the change in societal viewpoints. The competitive nature between the two powers has allowed the constant revival of news products produced throughout the history through new means. 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He published a series of reports titled: The Violation of Virgins, Confessions of a Brothel-keeper and A Girl of 13 Bought for  £5. The salacious style of Steads reports caused a national uproar. When WH Smith refused to carry the obscene paper on its newsstands, the Salvation Army members helped to sell it instead because of the importance of the paper. Steads enquiry into child prostitution involved breaking the law through his investigative methods. He posed as a client in order to buy a 13-year old girl from her parents for a fiver.   His reporting was recognised b y a fake sheikh through Stead acting as a pseudo-paedo. Through regulators, he was sentenced to three months in jail. The stories provoked a sense of anger which led parliament to raise the age of sexual consent to 16 through the Criminal Law Amendment Act in the same year. Stead knew that to survive he needed to create a loyal readership. 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Thatcher helped Rupert Murdoch break the dominating power of trade print unions at the Battle of Wapping, laying the way for new broadcasters like the Independent and bigger, multi-section newspapers to be formed. This loophole allowed monopolies to be explored and News products to be exploited. Without the battle of Wapping being ended, the flat print would have inhibited the development of news media products and the production of the media. Through destroying the flat press Murdoch regulation allowed for cheaper productions and cheaper products to be sold, benefiting news companies subsequently increasing their revenue for developers. News ownership regulations affected the ability of news media organisations like the BBC and Sky from growing their businesses. The regulation also prevention news outlets from being able to adapt to the changes in the economic climate and the wider media ranges.   The set regulations affect the ability of news media publishers from acquiring new titles, and from expanding their news provision services across other platforms such as television and radio. Thatchers loophole also broke the TV duopoly of ITV and the BBC through the launch of News channels such as Channel 4. Thatcher was successful in privatising the TV transmitter networks, allowing ITV licenses to be sold to the highest bidder. Here Murdoch could create Sky. Murdochs domination over exclusive football rights was all achieved through Thatcher governments support. The advancement in technology aided the quality of British television and broadcasting by increasing its diversity.   The 1980s saw the appearanc e of Sky British television was revolutionary with its focus on Newszak programmes and stories. The focus on more trivial subjects allowed for the company to reach out to a wider audience making the news outlet vastly popular. As Sky emerged Murdoch waged war against the BBC, through its privately funded style and the need for broadcasting domination. Against the other terrestrial broadcasters and the BBC, Murdoch attempted to undermine their public service ethos.   In the case of the two commercial terrestrial broadcasters, ITN and Channel 4, they also lost advertising revenue as viewers were drawn off to Sky because of its possession of exclusive football rights and supporting reports.   To try to preserve their audience share the terrestrial broadcasters some of their advertising revenue the BBC and the other terrestrial broadcasters were forced into rating wars with Sky in which Sky had an immense built-in advantage because of its possession of the exclusive football rights. The quality of terrestrial broadcasters suffered due to their lack of sporting coverage, losing them a favour against Murdochs creation. Yet the popularity of news increased because of this influx of competitiveness b etween news outlets. With Sky News concentrating on Newszak culture the media product being produced in a simpler and more audience friendly manner allowed for a wider audience to be reached. Allan (2004) describes the Push and pull factors between what news sources people could choose. This choice can fluctuate as forms of media develop and in response to audience needs. Some people felt that they were better informed than in past because of the change to how news was being delivered as the many felt that this type of journalism confirmed their worldview, causing them to engage more with the news. With the differing News outlets competing against each other both the BBC and Sky could reach different target audiences allowing people to make a choice on how they wanted to be informed, allowing news media to be catered for a specific audience. Ultimately, the ownership of multimedia has determined the direction that journalism has followed. With the political constraints of regulation through government rule and societal concepts, journalism has fought through suppression to benefit the general public. Regulation through ownership has throughout history set limits to the freedom of writing for the greater good to try and fit the common beliefs of the democratic society. The owners of publishers have been a key factor in creation and production of news products. Owners have been able to transform their news outlets through harnessing new technologies, engaging in debates about popular politics whilst directing the focus of their publications. Ownership combined with both negative and active regulations have over time determined the way in which news is produced. Whilst the negative form of regulation has been adopted to refute threats to the press independence in aims to prevent radical change, the positive form has been used to enable the press to coexist with the general philosophies to gain favour with either the government or the targeted audience. With new advancements in investigative journalism, the creation of the British Broadcasting Company and the addition of Sky News being created journalism has continually updated itself through the political strain of regulation. The push towards specific regulation types allowed news production to alter, creating outlets for certain audiences to engage with. Thus, the governments continual interjections within journalists news production through schemes such as the Peacock Commission offered by Mrs Thatcher in 1986, pushed the towards better production and quality of a more representative news product overall. Word count:   with quotes-3005, without quotes- 2762 Bibliography Jurgen Habermas The Theory of Communicative Action volume 2, Jà ¼rgen Habermas Publisher Beacon Press, 1984 William Randolph Hearst quote from The Gilded Age Progressive Era: A Student Companion Student Companions to American History, Authors Elisabeth Israels Perry, Karen Manners Smith Edition illustrated: Publisher Oxford University Press, USA, 2006 Gavin Levin quote used from Defining Moments in Journalism Media Studies Series,   Editors Nancy J. Woodhull, Robert W. Snyder: Publisher Transaction Publishers, 1997 Picard, R.G. (1985) The Press and the Decline of Democracy. Westport CT: Greenwood Press W.T. Stead quote used from Popular Print Media, 1820-1900, Volume 3 Edition Synapse Popular Print Media, 1820-1900, John Plunkett Authors Andrew King, John Plunkett Editors Andrew King, John Plunkett Edition illustrated, reprint Publisher Taylor Francis, 2004 Cohen, Stanley (2002) Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. Edition illustrated, third edition: Publisher Routledge James Curran, Jean Seaton: Power Without Responsibility: The Press, Broadcasting, and New Media in Britain Edition reprint, revised Publisher Routledge, 2003 NEWSINTERNATIONAL, Wapping 25 years on, the workers story GPM section of Unite and the Marx Memorial Library. Print: Upstream Coop Printers, Online pdf file version also used:   http://www.wapping-dispute.org.uk/sites/default/files/the-workers-story.pdf UK Gov used for information on Thatcher:   https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/margaret-thatcher David Goldberg, Tony Prosser, Stefaan G. Verhulst Editors David Goldberg, Tony Prosser, Stefaan G. Verhulst: Regulating the Changing Media: A Comparative Study Authors Edition illustrated, reprint Publisher Clarendon Press (2002) -   quote used: 1998 Hoffmann-Riem, 1996; and Feintuck, 1999 Allan, S. (2004) 2nd edition. News Culture, OUP

Educational Article Reviews :: Article Review

Smart Classroom Professional Development Framework consists of three levels of ICT qualifications that teachers can hold, they are the ICT Certificate, the Digital Pedagogy Licence and the Digital Pedagogy Licence Advanced. As a group we discussed what understandings we would need and the benefits for completing the framework, we discovered that we would need to understand that ICT could be used to enhance and benefit both the learners and teachers through integration into all KLA’S. As a pre service teacher undertaking the certificate our group discussion impacts on my classroom teaching by pushing for me to use more technology in my teaching to enhance the children’s learning. Reading 2 was on a Science-Sose unit about dinosaurs and discovering where they went. During a group discussion we all agreed that the teacher that wrote this unit was meticulous in planning and had thought hard as to the length to which she wanted technologies involved. We all found this to be a good example of a technological unit. I learnt from the group discussion as well as the reading that there is a range of different ways technology can be incorporated into a classroom unit of work. This new knowledge of more hands on activities is something that I would like to incorporate into my future classroom or practical classroom this semester. Reading 3 covers practical ideas for teachers in years 4-9. The group all agreed that theses activities were creative and fun and ideas that we would and could include into our future senior school classrooms. There is twenty eight activities included in this reading all that could be taught anywhere from grades 4-9 and some that could be taught past this to grade 12. Some of these helpful lesson ideas will be integrated into my future classrooms. The final reading for week one was practical ideas for teachers p-3, this text contained twenty eight technological activities. When discussing we all came to the same view as that of reading three that the activities were educational, fun and easily incorporated into our junior school classrooms. This article proves that learning can be fun by incorporating technology into general lessons, it also gives ideas on just how to do this. By using this reading’s examples of lessons it will make ICT apart of most if not all of my lessons. WEEK 2 Those who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching Is an article about the way teaching used to be prior to and up to the year 1986.

Fiscal Policy Essay

The United States impacts various policies not only at home but abroad. It has been a powerhouse for many years, and its strengths and weaknesses impact other countries. The deficit, surplus, and debt are three major areas influencing these policies. These three factors have a huge impact on many areas we will discuss. These include taxpayers, the future of Social Security and Medicare users, the unemployed, a University of Phoenix student, the United States’ financial reputation on an international level, a domestic automotive manufacturing, or exporter, Italian clothing company, or importer and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Italian Clothing Company The United States’ deficit, surplus, and debt play a factor a role in the conduct of business with any Italian clothing company. Italy relies on its manufacturing exports to provide for its economy, and the United States ranks as one of one of its prolific export partners. According to Economy Watch Content (2010), Italy’s famous brands such as Armani, Valentino, Versace, and Prada have created a niche in the global marketplace where there is a huge demand for high quality and superior goods. According to Colander (2010), the United States has run a trade deficit in the last 40 years. If the U.S. is unable to purchase from Italy, this affects the Italian economy. Financial Reputation of the United States on an International Level The U.S.’s deficit, surplus and debt impact the financial reputation of the United States on an international level because these are factors that promote or slow economic growth, future prosperity and foreign policy. The United States’ debt is the largest in the world for a single country, which has caused the financial reputation and creditworthiness of the United States to suffer (Amadeo, 2013). The dollar is considered to be a global currency and the one primarily used in international transactions and trade. When foreign investors lose confidence in the U. S. Government’s ability to manage the budget and pay off their debt, they raise interest rates on loans for the added risk. Government is  no longer able to borrow at affordable rates. Demand for investing in U.S. treasuries diminishes, lowering bond ratings and the value of the dollar. When the value of the dollar decreases, the dollar becomes less desirable, and foreign investors get paid back in currency that is worth less, which damages the special role of the dollar and the financial reputation of the United States (Boccia, 2013). Tax Payers To repay the nation’s debt budget makers frequently visit the option of higher taxation of the wealthy and businesses. Individuals and Corporations fear this option because staffing and insuring becomes more costly hurting the bottom line. A contributing factor to the current state of the U.S. economy is the gradual decline in taxes that the wealthy must pay. The U.S. must reduce the deficit or the debt will grow, and could become very costly to taxpayers possibly having to reach in their own pockets to pay off the debt. When the economy is doing well and the unemployment rates are low, the economy should be in decent standing due to the fact that the newly employed taxpayers have once again began paying into the taxes, but they also are stimulating the economy by spending their money and paying sales taxes. Future Social Security & Medicare Users According to the 2010 Trustees Report â€Å"the programs face massive permanent annual deficits starting in just five years. Coupled with a Congressional Budget Office report predicting Social Security and Medicare expenditures to increase around 75% by the year 2030, economists seem to have no certain answers now (John, 2010).† Social Security and Medicare benefits have their own funds so they do not affect one another nor does any other debt affect them. Social funds such as these have their own funding scheme that’s not tied to other federal bodies or accounts (Mankiw, 2011). A domestic automotive manufacturing (exporter) The effect that the U.S.’s deficit, surplus and debt have on a domestic automotive manufacturing exporter starts with the decline in auto sales. The deficit in the economy is followed by a decline in spending and lowered auto sales. A decline in auto sales reduces employment due to lower demand and adds to trade deficits. When the U.S. is unable to sell to other countries  we are forced into a surplus. Businesses fail leading to government bailouts. The government spends money going into debt to save these companies. Unemployed Individuals The deficit affects unemployed individuals because the people who need help, cannot get it, or cannot get enough to help supplementing their income until they find employment. A surplus provides help with unemployment benefits; WIC and other programs. Debt leads to higher taxes, making sustainability difficult for themselves and their families. University of Phoenix Student The deficit affects a University of Phoenix student because funding for financial aid could be compromised leading to more private loans. Loans become expensive, costing the student more. The surplus affects a University of Phoenix student by providing additional resources for school funding and programs. Debt means not having enough money to fund schooling leading to higher personal debt. GDP GDP is affected by deficits, levels of debt and budget surpluses. When the U.S. runs a high deficit, debt levels increase putting pressure on economic growth. The Reinhart/Rogoff research concluded that when a country’s gross debt exceeds 90% of GDP, â€Å"median growth rates fall by one percent, and average growth falls considerably more† (Sahadi, 2013). Budget surpluses impact GDP growth positively by providing additional resources for the government to invest in the country’s economy. Conclusion The U.S. government’s handling of federal budgets affects individuals and businesses alike worldwide from students to major corporations. Deficits lead to debt burdening the economy, negatively impacting nearly every aspect of the financial world. A surplus shows financial responsibility positively affecting the economy and creating prosperity. References Amadeo, Kimberly (Feb. 2013). What the U.S. Debt Is. Retrieved from http://useconomy.about.com/od/fiscalpolicy/p/US_Debt.htm Boccia, Romina (Feb.2013). How the United States’ High Debt Will Weaken The Economy And Hurt Americans. Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/02/how-the-united-states-high-debt-will-weaken-the-economy-and-hurt-americans Colander, D. C. (2010). Macroeconomics (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Italy Trade, Exports and Imports. (2010, March 27). Retrieved from http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/italy/export-import.html John, D. C. (2010). 2010 Social Security Trustees Report Continues to Show the Urgency of Reform. Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/08/2010-social-security-trustees-report-continues-to-show-the-urgency-of-reform Mankiw, G. (2011). Principles of Microeconomics (6th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning Sahadi, J. (2013, April 17). Debt’s impact on growth: Latest study doesn’t settle debate. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2013/04/17/news/economy/debt-deficits/index.html

Termite

This is about termites and details my findings about them, and also is meant to provide some helpful info on how to deal with termite infestation. You’ll find lots of termite pictures here too. But this site is also meant to highlight a whole lot more interesting aspects on these insects, and feature many species which are NOT pests, and which are rare or will never be found in urban environments or human habitation. Second only to ants, termites are one of the most numerous insects on earth (number-wise), but due to habitat destruction, and environmental degradation, some species appear to be declining. A few other species though, are thriving and proving to be troublesome pests, in increasingly man-influenced environments! Very little is known about termites, and hopefully this site can be an online repository of information on them. As a whole, very little is known about termites, save for some species which are important from an economical point of view. Liquid termiticides are commonly applied as a form of barrier treatment, in order to control infestations of subterranean termites in and around homes. These types of barriers work by keeping termites away from a structure as well as killing those that penetrate the treated area. There are a few types of liquid termiticides available on the market today, which are commonly used by extermination professionals. Chemicals such as â€Å"Prevail† and â€Å"Demon† are repellents that keep termites a distance away from the treated area. While these options are relatively effective, it is possible for breaks to form in the treatment perimeter, or for soil to be moved. This can allow termites to penetrate the barrier and enter the home. Other forms of liquid termiticides such as â€Å"Phantom†, â€Å"Premise†, and â€Å"Termidor†, allow termites to enter the treated area and come into direct contact with the liquid. These chemicals do not repel and they do not kill on contact. Instead, the termites that come into contact with the chemical bring it back to their colony, which in turn eliminates the entire population.

How does Hardy present characters and the setting in this particular chapter Essay Example

How does Hardy present characters and the setting in this particular chapter Essay Example How does Hardy present characters and the setting in this particular chapter Essay How does Hardy present characters and the setting in this particular chapter Essay Essay Topic: Literature The Namesake The central character in this chapter is Tess, and Hardy reveals to the readers how Tesss guilt leads her to Alec, who has a lot more on his mind then just helping Tesss family. Tess is very beautiful and men are always pursuing her, either for purely sexual reasons or because she represents an excitingly unformed life waiting to be molded. The landscape and Tess are often described similarly, and the seasons and the weather reflect her emotional and physical state. The naturalistic imagery that Hardy uses is an important component of his style, which is characterized both by beautiful descriptive passages and by more philosophical or abstract asides detailing the ironies of his characters lives and fates. The countryside is almost a character in Tess. Much of the time the settings reflect whats happening to Tess and the characters that influence her life. Each station or place where Tess stops is a testing place for her soul. Nature also reflects the characters emotions and fortunes. For example, when Tess is happy, the sky is blue and birds sing. When events turn out badly the earth appears harsh and coldly indifferent to her agony. Nature is also depicted in the many journeys that take place in Tess. Both traveling and the rhythms of nature are seen as causing fatigue in the novel. Hardy focuses very heavily on Tesss reactions to the events around her and shows us the world more or less through her eyes. In this chapter Tess, convinced she has murdered Prince, feels responsible for her familys subsequent lack of livelihood and therefore complies with Joans wish that she go in search of their rich relations Tess seems older than her years in her willingness to accept adult responsibilities, but shes also very naive and inexperienced. The beginning of Chapter 5 opens up with the situation where Hardy stresses that there is something bad foreshadowing Tess due to the loss of a family horse. This is the first hint in this chapter where the reader realizes that sorrow and pain may follow Tess in the near future. The haggling business, which had mainly depended on the horse, became disorganized forthwith. Distress, if not penury, loomed in the distance This distress looms in the distance because of the death of the horse. Joan Durbeyfield tells Tess about Mrs. dUrberville living on the outskirts of The Chase, and tells Tess that she must go and claim kinship and ask for help. Tess is deferential, but she cannot understand why her mother should find such satisfaction in contemplating this venture. Tess suggests getting work instead, but finally agrees to go. Tess mother seems to be a strong guiding force within Tess, although Tess father seems laid back. Hardy presents Tesss mother as vain, not very bright, and a poor manager of the household. Indeed, Tess does much of the work of looking after the many younger Durbeyfield children. Joan Durbeyfield schemes to get Tess to go to Trantridge in the hope that the girl might make a grand marriage with the rich Alec dUrberville, but she is otherwise shiftless and a fairly inactive mother. The reader gets the impression that if Tess father had been more assertive, than maybe he could have told her not too go. Instead, her mother is very manipulating with the situation Tess is faced with. He is a laborer, unintelligent like Tesss mother, and he drinks too much and works too little. When he hears that he has noble ancestors, he immediately becomes proud of the fact, and considers himself too good to work very much more. Because he is such a poor provider, the Durbeyfield family is doomed to poverty. Every day seemed to throw upon her young shoulders more of the family burdens, and that Tess should be the representative of the Durbeyfields at the dUrberville mansion came as a thing of course. In this instance it must be admitted that the Durbeyfields were putting their fairest side outward Durbeyfield, you can settle it, said his wife, turning to where he sat in the background. If you say she ought to go, she will go. I dont like my children going and making themselves beholden to strange kin, murmured he. Im the head of the noblest branch o the family, and I ought to live up to it. Tess is, perhaps, a striking example of someone forced to grow up too quickly which chapter 5 is a good example of. The death of the Durbeyfields horse is the event that motivates Tess to visit the dUrbervilles and beg them for financial assistance, Tess is in fact sent to find a husband; behind her mothers request is the assumption that Tess will marry a gentleman who will provide for the Durbeyfields. Mr. and Mrs. Durbyfield cling to their obsolete idea of the family in total ignorance of the reality, and Tess may suffer as a result. The Durbeyfield parents started the cycle of tragedy in Tess life by thinking of themselves first. Her parents weakness is that her father is lazy and her mother is simple. The Durbeyfields need of a new horse, and the mothers greed for her daughter to claim kin against her will with a noble family member of the dUrbervilles, starts Tess on her journey to her destruction. Tess parents could have supported themselves if they had not been so proud about being descendants of the prestigious dUrbervilles. Tess, being simplistic, is unaware of dangers a man such as Alec dUrberville posed, and it is not fair that she is being made to suffer for succumbing to an unknown danger. This is noted when she protests to her mother: Tess innocence is at risk her because she is not informed of the dangers of life by her parents; her mother does not even stop her from leaving with Alec, even though she has a feeling that Alec may take advantage of Tess. The greed for her daughters marriage into a noble family has put the wool over her eyes. Hardys writing style is simple but wordy here. The sentance structures are not long or very complicated, but the complexity in his work comes from the way he uses several sentences. For example, he uses a lot of imagery and describes the scenery in great detail. While each individual sentence may not be difficult to understand, it is the way the various sentences fit together to form a whole picture. The Vale of Blackmoor was to her the world, and its inhabitants the races thereof. From the gates and stiles of Marlott she had looked down its length in the wondering days of infancy, and what had been mystery to her then was not much less than mystery to her now. She had hardly ever visited the place, only a small tract even of the Vale and its environs being known to her by close inspection. Much less had she been far outside the valley. Tess leaves for The Chase, where she finds the home of the Stoke-dUrbervilles, as they are now called. When Tess arrives at the manor house, her first reaction is that its strange that such an ancient family has a new and modern home. The farmlands appear to be kept more for show than for income. The new industrial world seems to be creeping into the countryside. In contrast to this newness is the mysterious primeval forest known as The Chase, which encompasses the dUrberville estate like an unshakeable shroud. The Chase is so old that it puts Tess venerable ancestry to shame. It seems that for Hardy, nothing is as old or as essential as nature. It was of recent erectionindeed almost newand of the same rich red colour that formed such a contrast with the evergreens of the lodge. Far behind the corner of the house-which rose like a geranium bloom against the subdued colours aroundstretched the soft azure landscape of The Chasea truly venerable tract of forest land, one of the few remaining woodlands in England of undoubted primaeval date, wherein Druidical mistletoe was still found on aged oaks, and where enormous yew-trees, not planted by the hand of man grew as they had grown when they were pollarded for bows. All this sylvan antiquity, however, though visible from The Slopes, was outside the immediate boundaries of the estate. Tess notices how inappropriate this modern estate seems for people with such a supposedly ancient background. Youll notice throughout the novel that often Tess intuitively divines things that she cant explain or logically act upon. The representation of the cheapening and decay of ancient traditions is one of the many roles of Alec dUrberville. He is of course not a dUrberville at all, and Hardy depicts his house in a way, which highlights its modernity, and its disharmony with the natural and ancient surroundings. It is this aspect of the visit to the dUrbervilles that disturbs Tess most, highlighting her particular sexual innocence. Hardy introduces the theme of sexuality and innocence; at this point in the novel, Tess represents a particular sexual innocence. She is unaware of her own sexuality and thus cannot perceive the danger that Alec dUrberville presents to her. Tess is very wary, and she has no idea what to expect. The situation is an embarrassing one, but Tess guilt has driven her their, so now she feels it her obligation for the family. Her guilt and naivity could cause Tess problems as Hardy indicates. I thought we were an old family; but this is all new! she said, in her artlessness. She wished that she had not fallen in so readily with her mothers plans for claiming kin, and had endeavoured to gain assistance nearer home. A young man with an almost swarthy complexion answers the door, and claims to be Alec dUrberville. He does not allow Tess to see his mother, for she is an invalid, but she tells him that she is a poor relation. Alec shows her the estate, and he promises that his mother will find a berth for her. He tells her not to bother with the Durbeyfield name, but she says she wishes for no better. Alec prepares to kiss her, but lets her go. Tess perceives nothing, but if she had, she might have asked why she was doomed to be seen and coveted that day by the wrong man. From Alecs introduction in the novel, Alec dUrberville represents a sexuality that contrasts with Tess Durbeyfields innocence. However, as important as his sexuality is the danger inherent in his sensuality. His early attempt to seduce Tess only serves to foreshadow later, more serious attempts to infringe on his cousins innocence. Hardy even explicitly notes the danger that Alec dUrberville poses to Tess. Alec is presented a typical Victorian rake, and indeed seems somewhat stereotyped at times, with his curled moustache and melodramatic phrases to seduce Tess. He is deceptive and often cruel to Tess, though he can be kind to her as well; he seems to follow whatever plan seems most likely to succeed, for he has a genuine lust for her. He is rich and morally corrupt. His moral hollowness is underscored by the fact that his claim to the dUrberville name is completely spurious and false, like everything else about him. Of course Tess is ignorant of the fact that these dUrbervilles are frauds and consequently have no familial responsibility to her. When she meets Alec Stoke-dUrberville she assumes that hes her cousin and therefore treats him with a certain informality that he takes advantage of. Although Alec promises to make cousin Tess presence known to his mother, he does nothing of the kind. The historical background that Hardy presents us with shows irony that the rich relations that Tess had come to see only acquired their name, they are not at all family. Conning for an hour in the British Museum the pages of works devoted to extinct, half-extinct, obscured, and ruined families appertaining to the quarter of England in which he proposed to settle, he considered that dUrberville looked and sounded as well as any of them: and dUrberville accordingly was annexed to his own name for himself and his heirs eternally Of this work of imagination poor Tess and her parents were naturally in ignorancemuch to their discomfiture; indeed, the very possibility of such annexations was unknown to them; who supposed that, though to be well-favoured might be the gift of fortune, a family name came nature. After Tess doubts from her first thoughts of the house her relations live in, Tess is very unsure weather to approach the house or not. Hardy shows Tess innocence and how Tess is often led by her head, instead of not following her gut feelings. Her reluctance is outweighed by her sense of a duty to make reparation for the loss of the horse a virtuous motive and the obstinate insistence of her mother. Tess is trapped; her freedom of choice is curtailed by a combination of the fates, (the death of the horse and the discovery of family connections), and filial duty. Tess still stood hesitating like a bather about to make his plunge, hardly knowing whether to retreat or to persevere, when a figure came forth from the dark He had an almost swarthy complexion, with full lips, badly moulded, though red and smooth, above which was a well-groomed black moustache with curled points, though his age could not be more than three-or four-and-twenty. Despite the touches of barbarism in his contours, there was a singular force in the gentlemans face, and in his bold rolling eye. Hardy presents Alec as been smarmy, very overpowering and insistent. Tess picture of expectations of Alec that Tess had built up in her mind prior to the visit is very different to what Tess is presented with in reality. This embodiment of a dUrberville and a namesake differed even more from what Tess had expected than the house and grounds had differed. She had dreamed of an aged and dignified face, the sublimation of all the dUrberville lineaments, furrowed with incarnate memories representing in hieroglyphic the centuries of her familys and Englands history. But she screwed herself up to the work in hand, since she could not get out of it, and answered Tess is a very pretty, young and attractive but is unaware of this. Alec, already on their first meeting acts as if Tess is something he owns. Well, my Beauty, what can I do for you? Keeping Tess presence secret, he fills her mouth with strawberries and her basket with roses. She obeyed like one in a dream. Why does the shy Tess submit, though somewhat reluctantly, to such intimacies? Although Hardy never tells us explicitly, he suggests many reasons. First Tess believes that Alec is her cousin and that kin are more likely to protect than harm her. Hardy also shows us how completely awed Tess is by the unfamiliar richness of her new surroundings. She seems assaulted by sensations, not the least of which are Alecs passionate advances. Tess is probably caught in such a whirlwind of impressions that she follows where shes led. Tess wished to abridge her visit as much as possible; but the young man was pressing, and she consented to accompany him. He conducted her about the lawns, and flower-beds, and conservatories; and thence to the fruit-garden and greenhouses, where he asked her if she liked strawberries. Alec becomes very pressing and imposing toward Tess, and Hardy uses the walk of Alec showing Tess around the gardens as an opportunity to hint to the readers maybe of Alecs intentions. He wants to spend time with her and chat her up and he does this by flattering her and showering her with gifts of nature. They are already here. DUrberville began gathering specimens of the fruit for her, handing them back to her as he stooped; and, presently, selecting a specially fine product of the British Queen variety, he stood up and held it by the stem to her mouth. Nono! she said quickly, putting her fingers between his hand and her lips. I would rather take it in my own hand. Nonsense! he insisted; and in a slight distress she parted her lips and took it in. Hardy does this to again show how Tess is easily led and very easily pleased by the simplest of things. Tess is maybe not used to so much attention and gifts, so she is captured by the moment. Tess feels very powerless and guilty. Tess is also not aware of men and how they can manipulate and take advantage of women. Hardy maybe having another dig at Tesss parents, and how she has been told very little about life. She obeyed like one in a dream, and when she could affix no more he himself tucked a bud or two into her hat, and heaped her basket with others in the prodigality of his bounty Hardy uses the symbols of the strawberry and roses as a sexual indication to the readers. This creates a very awkward situation for Tess. This part of the chapter is presented as been very suggestive and a very passionate part of the chapter. Alec is almost acting like something from a fairytale, like little red riding hood as he fills her little basket towards Tess and she is certainly trapped by the big, bad wolf character that Alec comes across as. one who stood fair to be the blood-red ray in the spectrum of her young life. She had an attribute which amounted to a disadvantage just now; and it was this that caused Alec dUrbervilles eyes to rivet themselves upon her. It was a luxuriance of aspect, a fulness of growth, which made her appear more of a woman than she really was There is a strong sense given to the reader that Tess is more developed in physical appearance than mentally. I think Hardy gives a link between the strawberries and roses and likens them to Tess in the way that the strawberries and roses are artificially moved on in the green house, like Tess been forced by her parent to grow up to soon, almost ripe before their time. Although Tess appears mature, she is nai ve and not able to defend her self against Alec, who is devious and has more experience with life. The blood statement used in this part of the chapter the blood-red ray in the spectrum of her young life, is I think Hardy hinting to the reader of something bad to come, and that death is not long of Tess and maybe Alec would be a part of ruining Tesss innocence. For a momentonly for a momentwhen they were in the turning of the drive, between the tall rhododendrons and conifers, before the lodge became visible, he inclined his face towards her as ifbut, no: he thought better of it, and let her go. Alec has already decided on a plan in which to get Tess. Hardy has already suggested a number of times in the way Alec looks and admires Tess that he feels attracted to her young, nai ve, striking look Tess has about her. Alec knows he has to be careful in the way he goes about this, and I think he decides to kiss her, but doesnt think the timing is quite right, after all he doesnt want to scare her off. There is also a strong sense of entrapment that Hardy conveys, as if to let the reader know that Tess has made a very wrong move in visiting Alec, but is now trapped in the situation. Had she perceived this meetings import she might have asked why she was doomed to be seen and coveted that day by the wrong man, and not by some other man, the right and desired one in all respects Hardy uses time as an arch instrument of Fate, but it operates within the bounds of credibility and as a powerful aid to distinction in Tess. I think Hardy, in this chapter is showing how woman is Fates most important instrument for opposing mans happiness. Hardy shows that Tess is helpless in the hands of Fate and carries out Fates work.